multi-layer coating

<12> многослойное покрытие (линз)

salutan lapis-ganda

< srfc> (coating; e.g. paint coat, finish) ■ Mehrschicht...; mehrschichtig

wielowarstwowe pokrycie antyodblaskowe i antyelektrostatyczne

wielowarstwowe pokrycie antyodblaskowe i antyelektrostatyczne

multi-layer coating

1) Engineering: multiple coating, sandwich coating

2) Metallurgy: sandwich coat

3) Oil: multilayer coating

4) Cellulose: strip coating

5) Microelectronics: composite coating

6) Polymers: multipack coating, multiple coat

7) Automation: multiplex coating

8) Arms production: multi-layer coating (линз)

9) Electrochemistry: composite plate

• multi-layer antiglare and antistatic coating

• multi-layer antiglare and antistatic coating

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

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Both from distinguished musical families, Godowsky and Leopold Damrosch Mannes met at Riverdale School in New York in 1916, and shared an interest in photography. They began experiments in methods of additive colour photography, gaining a patent for a three-colour projector. Godowsky went to the University of California to study chemistry, physics and mathematics, while working as a professional violinist; Mannes, a pianist, went to Harvard to study music and physics. They kept in touch, and after graduating they joined up in New York, working as musicians and experimenting in colour photography in their spare time.

Initially working in kitchens and bathrooms, they succeeded in creating a two-layer colour photographic plate, with emulsions separately sensitized to parts of the spectrum, and patented the process. This achievement was all the greater since they were unable to make the emulsions themselves and had to resort to buying commercial photographic plates so that they could scrape off the emulsions, remelt them and coat their experimental materials. In 1922 their work came to the attention of C.E.K. Mees, the leading photographic scientist and Director of the Eastman Kodak Research Laboratory in Rochester, New York. Mees arranged for plates to be coated to their specifications. With a grant from Kuhn, Loeb \& Co. they were able to rent laboratory space. Learning of Rudolf Fischer's early work on dye couplers, they worked to develop a new process incorporating them. Mees saw that their work, however promising, would not develop in an amateur laboratory, and in 1930 he invited them to join the Kodak Research Laboratory, where they arrived on 15 June 1931. Their new colleagues worked on ways of coating multi-layer film, while Mannes and Godowsky worked out a method of separately processing the individual layers in the exposed film. The result was Kodachrome film, the first of the modern integral tripack films, launched on 15 April 1935.

They remained with Eastman Kodak until December 1939; their work contributed to the later appearance of Ektachrome colour-reversal film and the Kodacolor and Eastman Color negative-positive colour processes. Mannes became the Director of his father's Music Academy in New York, remaining as such until his death in 1964. Godowsky returned to Westport, Connecticut, and continued to study mathematics at Columbia University. He carried out photographic research un his private laboratory up until the time of his death in 1983.

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SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

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The son of a Wesleyan minister, Mees was interested in chemistry from an early age and studied at St Dunstan's College in Catford, where he met Samuel E.Sheppard, with whom he went on to University College London in 1900. They worked together on a thesis for BSc degrees in 1903, developing the work begun by Hurter and Driffield on photographic sensitometry. This and other research papers were published in 1907 in the book Investigations on the Theory of the Photographic Process, which became a standard reference work. After obtaining a doctorate in 1906, Mees joined the firm of Wratten \& Wainwright (see F.C.L.Wratten), manufacturers of dry plates in Croydon; he started work on 1 April 1906, first tackling the problem of manufacturing colour-sensitive emulsions and enabling the company to market the first fully panchromatic plates from the end of that year.

During the next few years Mees ran the commercial operation of the company as Managing Director and carried out research into new products, including filters for use with the new emulsions. In January 1912 he was visited by George Eastman, the American photographic manufacturer, who asked him to go to Rochester, New York, and set up a photographic research laboratory in the Kodak factory there. Wratten was prepared to release Mees on condition that Eastman bought the company; thus, Wratten and Wainwright became part of Kodak Ltd, and Mees left for America. He supervised the construction of a building in the heart of Kodak Park, and the building was fully equipped not only as a research laboratory, but also with facilities for coating and packing sensitized materials. It also had the most comprehensive library of photographic books in the world. Work at the laboratory started at the beginning of 1913, with a staff of twenty recruited from America and England, including Mees's collaborator of earlier years, Sheppard. Under Mees's direction there flowed from the Kodak research Laboratory a constant stream of discoveries, many of them leading to new products. Among these were the 16 mm amateur film-making system launched in 1923; the first amateur colour-movie system, Kodacolor, in 1928; and 8 mm home movies, in 1932. His support for the young experimenters Mannes and Godowsky, who were working on colour photography, led to their joining the Research Laboratory and to the introduction of the first multi-layer colour film, Kodachrome, in 1935. Eastman had agreed from the beginning that as much of the laboratory's work as possible should be published, and Mees himself wrote prolifically, publishing over 200 articles and ten books. While he made significant contributions to the understanding of the photographic process, particularly through his early research, it is his creation and organization of the Kodak Research Laboratory that is his lasting memorial. His interests were many and varied, including Egyptology, astronomy, marine biology and history. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society.

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1 cloak, cape (manto).

andar de capa caída (informal) to be in a bad way; (persona) to be struggling (negocio)

defender algo a capa y espada to defend something tooth and nail

hacer de su capa un sayo to do as one pleases

2 coat (baño) (de barniz, pintura).

3 layer (estrato).

capa atmosférica atmosphere

una capa de hielo a film of ice

capa de ozono ozone layer

capa terrestre Earth's surface

4 stratum, class (grupo social).

5 cape (bullfighting).

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: capar.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (prenda) cloak, cape

2 GEOLOGÍA stratum, layer

3 (de pintura) coat; (de polvo) layer; (de chocolate etc) coating, layer

■ una capa de pintura a coat of paint

4 figurado (estrato social) class, stratum

5 (estrato social) stratum

\

andar de capa caída figurado to be on the decline, have seen better days

defender algo a capa y espada figurado to defend something to the last

hacer de su capa un sayo familiar to do whatever one feels like

so capa de figurado under the pretext of

capa freática water table

capa pluvial RELIGIÓN pluvial, cope

* * *

1) cape, cloak

2) coat

3) layer

* * *

1) (=prenda) cloak, cape

- andar o estar de capa caída

- defender algo a capa y espada

- hace de su capa un sayo

2) (=estrato) layer

3) (=recubrimiento)

4) (Náut)

5) frm

* * *

1)

a) ( revestimiento) layer

b) (veta, estrato) layer

c) ( de la población) sector

d) (Geol) stratum

2)

a) (Indum) cloak, cape; ( para la lluvia) cape, rain cape

b) (Taur) cape

•

- capa de agua

* * *

1)

a) ( revestimiento) layer

b) (veta, estrato) layer

c) ( de la población) sector

d) (Geol) stratum

2)

a) (Indum) cloak, cape; ( para la lluvia) cape, rain cape

b) (Taur) cape

•

- capa de agua

* * *

capa¹

¹ = coat, coating, layer, film, veneer.

capa²

² = canopy, cape.

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1 (revestimiento, recubrimiento) layer

una capa de nieve cubría la ciudad a layer o carpet o blanket of snow covered the city

una capa de hielo a sheet of ice

un pastel recubierto de una capa de chocolate a cake covered in a chocolate coating

bajo esa capa de amabilidad beneath that friendly exterior, beneath that veneer of friendliness

bajo la capa del cielo ( fam); in the whole world ( colloq)

2 (veta, estrato) layer

dos capas de crema de chocolate y una de nata two layers of chocolate and one of cream

papel higiénico de tres capas 3-ply toilet paper

la capa de ozono the ozone layer

lleva el pelo cortado en or ( Esp) a capas she has layered hair

3 (de la población) sector

las capas altas/bajas de la sociedad the upper/lower strata of society

4 ( Geol) stratum

aquifer, phreatic stratum ( tech)

topsoil

1 ( Indum) cloak, cape; (para la lluvia) cape, rain cape

una película de capa y espada a swashbuckling movie

de capa caída downcast, down ( colloq)

defender algo a capa y espada to fight tooth and nail to defend sth

hacer de su capa un sayo to make one's own decisions, do as one pleases

2 ( Taur) cape

cape ( worn by a bishop or archbishop)

raincape

cape ( worn by a bishop or archbishop)

chasuble

* * *

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

a) ( en general) layer;

◊ una capa de nieve a layer o carpet of snow;

b) (de barniz, pintura) coat

c) ( estrato) stratum;

◊ las capas de la sociedad the social strata

a) (Indum) cloak, cape;

◊ capa de agua raincape

b) (Taur) cape

◊ capa clase to play hooky(esp AmE colloq), to skive off (school) (BrE colloq)

* * *

capa nf

1. [manto] cloak, cape;

andar de capa caída [persona] to be in a bad way;

hacer de su capa un sayo to do as one pleases

2. [baño] [de barniz, pintura] coat;

hay que dar una segunda capa it needs a second coat

3. [para encubrir] veneer;

bajo una capa de bondad se esconde su carácter malvado her evil nature is concealed behind a veneer of kindness

4. [estrato] layer

capa de hielo ice sheet;

capa de nieve layer of snow;

capa de ozono ozone layer

5. [grupo social] stratum, class;

las capas altas de la sociedad the upper classes, the upper strata of society;

las capas marginales the marginalized strata of society

6. Taurom cape

7. ver capo

* * *

1 layer;

capa de nieve layer of snow;

capa social social stratum

2 prenda cloak;

andar o

ir de capa caída fam

de persona be down fam ; de negocio not be doing well, be on the skids fam ;

defender algo a capa y espada fight tooth and nail for something;

hacer de su capa un sayo do as one likes;

bajo la capa de hacer algo on the pretext of doing sth

3 TAUR cape

m, capa f

1 de mafia capo, don

2 CSur

star

* * *

capa nf

1) : cape, cloak

2) : coating

3) : layer, stratum

4) : (social) class, stratum

* * *

capa n

1. (en general) layer

2. (de pintura, barniz) coat

3. (prenda) cloak

¹ = coat, coating, layer, film, veneer.

Ex. We will not accomplish that by being timid or by giving our profession a fresh coat of paint.

Ex. A thesaurus might advise the searcher that the following alternative terms might prove fruitful: coating and other more specific terms, e.g. Printing works.

Ex. While the layer of pulp was on this wire, the water drained away and the wire was given a sideways shake.

Ex. The water of the stuff poured into the middle of the cylinder through its wire-mesh cover, and was immediately pumped out from one end leaving a film of fibres on the surface.

Ex. Sexism is typically rationalized by & masked beneath an intellectual veneer.

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* aplicar una capa base = prime.

* aplicar una capa de imprimación = prime.

* capa de = carpet of.

* capa de espuma sucia = scum.

* capa de hielo = ice sheet, sheet of ice.

* capa de ozono = ozone layer.

* capa de pintura = coat of paint.

* capa social más distinguida, la = crust, the.

* capa unimolecular = monolayer.

* capa vegetal = topsoil.

* multicapa = multiwall.

* por capas = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], multilayer, layered, tiered.

* una capa fina de = a skim of.